回复236楼 萍踪
回复236楼 萍踪:服用唑尼沙胺一些体会
萍踪的服用体会完全符合国外的临床经验，西班牙的Pedro Emilio Bermejo等在Europe Pubmed Central(前身是UKPMC)上发表的有关唑尼沙胺的探讨中讲到此药的稳定起效时间为10-12天，留意他在讲述唑尼沙胺的作用机制（mechanisms of action)中除了有促进纹状体多巴胺的释放，还引述了唑尼沙胺激活受损的多巴胺神经元(activates impaired dopamine neurons)的字眼，显示唑尼沙胺的一种独特的药理作用的存在。
A Review of the Use of Zonisamide in Parkinson’s Disease
Pedro Emilio Bermejo and Buenaventura Anciones
Pedro Emilio Bermejo, Sanatorio Nuestra Señora del Rosario — Hospital Sanitas La Zarzuela, Madrid, Spain ; Email: pedro_bermejo@hotmail.com;
Although zonisamide was previously only used to treat epilepsy, recently more applications have been forthcoming. Due to a good side effect profile, a lower frequency of interactions and a more comfortable posology, there are several studies regarding its uses in other pathologies such as migraine, neuropathic pain, essential tremor and various psychiatric diseases. A multicentered, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted in Japan suggested that zonisamide, as an add-on treatment, has efficacy in treating motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease. In addition, other studies support the utility of zonisamide in other symptoms of this disease. The therapeutic doses of zonisamide for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease are considerably lower than those for the treatment of epilepsy. This antiepileptic drug has been used in Japan for more than 15 years and so it is expected that it will be safe and well tolerated in patients with Parkinson’s disease. However, the pharmacological mechanisms of the antiparkinsonian actions of zonisamide remain unclear and more basic investigation is warranted. The aim of this paper is to review the structure, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and antiparkinsonian action of zonisamide.
Until now, neuromodulators have not had an important role in of PD and the treatment is based on different combinations of L-DOPA with peripheral inhibitors of dopamine decarboxylase, such as carbidopa and benserazide, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors such as entacapone and tolcapone, monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitors such as selegiline and rasagiline, several dopamine agonists and deep brain stimulation [Jankovic, 2006].
Recent studies have provided data suggesting that ZNS has an efficacy in treating motor and nonmotor symptoms in patients with PD. The aim of this article is to review the structure, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and antiparkinsonian action of ZNS.
Structure and mechanisms of action of ZNS.
ZNS has multiple mechanisms of action, including blockage of sodium and T-type calcium channels, inhibition of carbonic anhydrase, inhibition of glutamate release and modulation of the GABAA receptor. In the dopaminergic system, therapeutic doses of ZNS increase intracellular and extracellular dopamine in the rat striatum. In contrast, supratherapeutic doses reduce intra-cellular intracellular dopamine. Thus, ZNS has a biphasic effect on the dopaminergic system [Biton, 2007]. In these different mechanisms of action may contribute to its clinical efficacy in different disorders. The structure ofZNS is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.Structure of zonisamide.Go to:Antiparkinsonian mechanisms of action of ZNS.The pharmacological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of ZNS in PD are unclear and both dopaminergic and nondopaminergic mechanisms seem to be involved. These mechanisms could be different from others used by ZNS to treat other diseases such as epilepsy or migraine since therapeutic doses of ZNS are 50—100mg/day, considerably lower than those for the treatment of epilepsy (200—400 mg/day) [Murata et al. 2007]. We will now review the potential mechanisms.
Enhancement of dopamine release
Therapeutic doses of ZNS increase intracellular and extracellular dopamine in the rat striatum while supratherapeutic doses reduce intracellular dopamine. This effect is not observed in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced denervation of dopaminergic fibers except when ZNS is administered with L-DOPA and a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor [Gluck et al. 2004]. The dual effect of ZNS (because of the biphasic effect on dopaminergic system described above) has been proposed to be the cause of the several cases of restless legs syndrome described in the literature [Bermejo et al. 2007; Chen et al. 2003].
Blockade of T-type calcium channels
The pattern of neuronal activity in basal nuclei neurons in PD patients and MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) monkeys changes to a bursting discharge pattern [Wichmann and DeLong, 2006]. This activity could be reduced by the blockage of T-type calcium channels, one of the mechanisms of action of ZNS. However, the effects of modulating T-type calcium channels on PD symptoms are unknown and more studies are warranted.
Inhibition of MAO-B
MAO-B inhibitors such as rasagiline and selegiline are well known treatments in PD and ZNS does inhibit MAO-B. However the potency of this activity is unknown. In the study conducted by Murata et al. [2007], ZNS was effective even in the group of patients who were on a sufficient dose of selegiline, suggesting that the inhibition of MAO-B is not the principal mechanism of action of ZNS to improve parkinsonian symptoms.
Kubo et al. [2008], in recent experiments using marmosets, suggested that ZNS does not inhibit the effects of MPTP, which is inhibited by MAO-B inhibitors. However, the administration of ZNS on MPTP-treated marmosets was effective at increasing dopamine metabolism in the striatum, therefore the authors suggest that ZNS may not a MAO-B inhibitor in vivo, but it activates impaired dopamine neurons.
Neuroprotection
There has been a growing interest in the use of antiepileptic drugs for neuroprotection. Established antiepileptic drugs such as phenytoin, phenobarbital and carbamazepine, have shown neuroprotective activity in an ischemic/hypoxic model of neuronal injury. Animal model studies also have suggested that newer antiepileptic drugs such as levetiracetam, topiramate and ZNS, may have not only antiepileptigenic but also neuroprotective properties [Willmore, 2005]. Since neurodegeneration seems to be present in PD, ZNS neuroprotective properties could have a role in the progression of the disease.
Go to:Pharmacokinetics.ZNS is completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and its bioavailability is not affected by food. In the blood, 40% is bound to plasma albumin and penetrates the blood—brain barrier via lipid-mediated transport. Its elimination halflife is 49.7—62.5 hours and plasma steady state is achieved in 10—12 days of dosing. Serum concentration is similar on dosing once or twice daily [Miwa, 2007]. The P450 enzyme CYP3 A4 is the principal responsible for the metabolism of ZNS although CYP2 C19 and CYP3 A5 may also contribute [Morita et al. 2005]. All ZNS derivates are excreted in the urine. Possible interactions of ZNS with antiparkinsonian drugs or other drugs that may be used in PD patients should also be taken into account.
Go to:Efficacy of ZNS on motor symptoms of PD.A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted by Murata et al. [2007] in Japan provided data suggesting that ZNS, as an add-on treatment, has efficacy in treating motor symptoms in patients with PD. In this study, 279 patients with PD who had problems receiving L-DOPA therapy were enrolled. ZNS (25, 50 or 100 mg/day) or placebo was administered for 12 weeks and symptoms were evaluated using the Unified Parkinson’s Disease
Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part III and the total daily ‘off’ time. There was a significant improvement in the change from baseline in the total score of the UPDRS Part III in the 25 mg and 50 mg groups versus placebo. The duration of ‘off’ time was also significantly reduced in the 50 mg and 100 mg groups versus placebo. Additionally, ZNS was demonstrated to have a good safety profile in PD patients. The incidence of adverse effects was similar between the 25 mg, 50 mg and placebo groups although was higher in the 100 mg group. The principal adverse events were somnolence (10.9%), apathy (8.5%), body weight loss (6.9%) and constipation (6.5%). Additionally, dyskinesia was not increased in ZNS groups. This author performed a small open trial some years before with similar results [Murata etal. 2001].
Although the Murata study is the most important so far, others support the antiparkinsonian effect of this drug. Kajimoto et al. [2008] examined the preservation of the efficacy and safety of ZNS for parkinsonism one year after starting ZNS administration as an adjunct to ordinary antiparkinsonian drug therapy. According to this study this drug seems to be safe and efficacious during the 1-year follow-up period.
On the other hand there is increasing evidence of an antitremor effect of ZNS. A preliminary open study conducted by Nakanishi et al. [2003] suggested that ZNS has effects on residual parkinsonian tremor in PD patients whose motor symptoms were treated with dopamine replacement therapy. Additionally several studies demonstrate the effectiveness of ZNS in suppressing essential tremor [Bermejo et al. 2008; Ondo, 2007; Zesiewicz et al. 2007].
Another study performed by our group [Bermejo, 2007] suggested a possible beneficial role of ZNS in those patients with PD and essential tremor (ET), which is called ‘ET-PD syndrome’. This entity shares characteristics with both diseases and no pharmacological approach has demonstrated to be useful for ET and PD so far. In fact, drugs used to treat either ET or PD are not effective in controlling symptoms of the other disorder except ZNS [Ondo, 2007]. This study enrolled six patients with both tremor (including acting, postural and resting) and other parkinsonian features, such as rigidity and bradykinesia, improved in a high percentage of patients. ZNS doses (200mg/day average) were slightly higher than previous studies (50—600 mg/day). Since AMPA [2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid] receptor blockage seems to improve levodopa-induced dyskinesias [Konitsiotis et al. 2000] and ZNS also blocks these receptors [Huang et al. 2005], this drug could have a potential beneficial role in these patients.
另外一项实验可能更能说明问题，唑尼沙胺在实验中减少了大约45%的运动神经元的损失。
http://www.neurores.org/index.php/neurores/article/viewArticle/59/57
